penjelasan direct and indirect speech

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

Simple present – menjadi – Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech

Simple present

Present continuous

Present perfect

Present perfect continuous

Simple past

Past continuous

Future

Present
Indirect Speech

Simple past

Past continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past

Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech

this = ini

these = ini

come = datang

here = di sini, ke sini

hence = dari sini

hither = ke tempat ini

ago = yang lalu

now = sekarang

today = hari ini

tomorrow = besok

yesterday = kemarin

last night = tadi malam

next week = minggu depan

thus = begini

contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech

that = itu

those = itu

go = pergi

there = di sana, ke sana

thence = dari sana

thither = ke tempat itu

before = lebih dahulu

then = pada waktu itu

that day = hari itu

next day = hari berikutnya

the previous day = sehari sebelumnya

the previous night = semalam sebelumnya

the following week = minggu berikutnya

so = begitu

He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb – Reported speech

Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

contoh direct and indirect

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

artikel direct and indirect speech

chiken feed

Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments.

One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he saw a crowd outside a poultry shop. On enquiring what the matter was he learnt that a peasant had accidentally dropped a heavy sack on a chicken, crushing it to death. The chicken was small, worth only about five coins, but the owner of the shop had caught the peasant by his throat and was demanding a hundred. His argument was that the chicken would have grown into a plump bird in another two years and then it would have fetched him the amount he was asking for.

Somebody recognized the magistrate, and everybody made way for him.

“Judge our case, My Lord!” said the owner of the chicken, letting go of the peasant and bowing obsequiously to the magistrate. “This man, through his carelessness has caused the death of a chicken that would have fetched me a hundred coins in another two years!”

Fear had made the peasant’s speech incoherent. Nobody could understand what he was saying.

“The price put on the chicken is hundred coins,” said the magistrate, to the peasant. “I advise you to pay.”

There was a gasp from the crowd. Everybody had expected the magistrate to rule in the peasant’s favor.

The owner of the chicken was overjoyed.

“They said you were fair in your judgments, My Lord,” he said, rubbing his hands in glee, “now I can say there is no one fairer than you!”

“The Law is always fair,” smiled the magistrate. “Tell me, how much grain does a chicken eat in a year?”

“About half a sack,” said the poultry shop owner.

“So in two years the chicken that died would have eaten a whole sack of grain,” said Duan Guangqinj. “Please give the sack of grain you’ve saved to this man.”

The chicken owner turned pale. A sack of grain would cost more than hundred coins. Cowed by the jeers of the crowd, he declared he would not take any money from the peasant, and retreated into the safety of his shop.

penjelasan tentang present perfect tenses

Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense merupakan Tenses ketiga dalam Bahasa Inggris. Secara sederhana diartikan sebagai bentuk waktu yang menjelaskan tentang suatu kejadian, peristiwa atau kejadian yang telah terjadi pada periode tertentu dan pada saat bicara, kejadian, peristiwa atau aktivitas tersebut tidak lagi dilakukan atau berlangsung.

Rumus:

a. Kalimat Verbal:

(+) Subjek + have/has + V3 + O
(-) Subjek + have/has + not + V3 + O
(?) Have/Has + subjek + V3 + O ?

b. Kalimat Non-Verbal

(+) Subjek + have, has + been
(-) Subjek + have, has + not + been
(?) Have, Has + subjek +been?
Exercise :
1. I ____ (send) the letter.
Jawab : Have Sent
Penjelasan : Karena Subjeknya “I” maka harus menggunakan have + V3 dari kata send yaitu Sent.

2. _____ (he/see) the movie?
Jawab : Has he seen
Penjelasan : Subjeknya adalah “He”, jadi menggunakan has dan V3 dari kata see yaitu seen.

3. I ______ (work) here for five years.
Jawab : Have worked
Penjelasan : pada kalimat diatas terdapat kata “for” yang digunakan pada kalimat Present Perfect,jadi kita memakai Have + V3 untuk melengkapi soal diatas.

4. Udin ______ (live) here since 1992.
Jawab : Has lived
Penjelasan : Subjek pada kalimat diatas adalah Udin (He) dan pada kalimat diatas terdapat kata “since” yang digunakan pada kalimat Present Perfect, jadi kita memakai Has+V3 untuk melengkapi soal diatas.

5. She ______ (meet) your friend.
Jawab : has met
Penjelasan : Subjek = She, jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari meet = met.

6. We _______ (eat) our breakfast already.
Jawab : have eaten
Penjelasan : Subjek = we, jadi menggunakan “have” dan V3 dari eat = eaten.

7. Rahma ______ (read) the newspaper for 30 minutes.
Jawab : has read
Penjelasan : Subjek = Rahma (She), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari read = read.

8. I ________ (not/do) my homework.
Jawab : have not done
Penjelasan : Subjek = I, jadi menggunakan “Have” dan V3 dari do = done.

9. My father ______ (buy) a new car.
Jawab : has bought
Penjelasan : Subjek = My father (He), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari buy = bought.

10. My brother ______ (study) English for seven months.
Jawab : has studied
Penjelasan : Subjek = My brother (He), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari study = studied.

artikel present perfect tenses

 Christopher’s encounter with The Aliens

It was a dark and stormy night. The whole of Greentown was covered by dark clouds. Christopher was returning home. It started raining cats and dogs.

Suddenly he saw a U.F.O. appearing from the clouds above. In no time it landed on the road. Three aliens came out. Chris was astonished as he could understand their language. Their plan was to take all the trees away from earth. Not wasting a moment, Chris called his friends. Those aliens pointed out to a tree. An eerie blue light shot out from their hands making a tree vanish. Soon, Chris’s friends arrived. They tried to scare those aliens by throwing stones, but in vain.

Luckily, Mr. Goon, the fat inspector of the area arrived. With a frightened look on his face, he shot at those aliens. One of them pointed his finger at Mr. Goon. To everyone’s amazement, Mr. Goon became as thin as a stick. Everybody laughed. Suddenly, Anna, Chris’s friend, ran towards them, shouting at the top of her shrill voice. Those aliens got the fright of their lives and vanished along with their spaceship. The kids were delighted. They had saved their planet. Mr. Goon was left fiddling with his pants.