Koperasi Di Indonesia

Pembangunan koperasi mengalami kemajuan yang cukup mengembirakan jika diukur dengan jumlah koperasi, jumlah anggota, aktiva dan volume usaha.

Pada masa sekarang secara umum koperasi mengalami perkembangan usaha dan kelembagaan yang mengairahkan. Namun demikian, koperasi masih memiliki berbagai kendala untuk pengembangannya sebagai badan usaha. Hal ini perlu memperoleh perhatian dalam pembangunan usaha koperasi pada masa mendatang.

Peran koperasi dalam perekonomian Indonesia paling tidak dapat dilihat dari: (1) kedudukannya sebagai pemain utama dalam kegiatan ekonomi di berbagai sektor, (2) penyedia lapangan kerja yang terbesar, (3) pemain penting dalam pengembangan kegiatan ekonomi lokal dan pemberdayaan masyarakat, (4) pencipta pasar baru dan sumber inovasi, serta (5) sumbangannya dalam menjaga neraca pembayaran melalui kegiatan ekspor. Peran koperasi, usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah sangat strategis dalam perekonomian nasional, sehingga perlu menjadi fokus pembangunan ekonomi nasional pada masa mendatang.

Pemberdayaan koperasi secara tersktuktur dan berkelanjutan diharapkan akan mampu menyelaraskan struktur perekonomian nasional, mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional, mengurangi tingkat pengangguran terbuka, menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan, mendinamisasi sektor riil, dan memperbaiki pemerataan pendapatan masyarakat. Pemberdayaan koperasi juga akan meningkatkan pencapaian sasaran di bidang pendidikan, kesehatan, dan indikator kesejahteraan masyarakat Indonesia lainnya.

Sulit mewujudkan keamanan yang sejati, jika masyarakat hidup dalam kemiskinan dan tingkat pengangguran yang tinggi. Sulit mewujudkan demokrasi yang sejati, jika terjadi ketimpangan ekonomi di masyarakat, serta sulit mewujudkan keadilan hukum jika ketimpangan penguasaan sumberdaya produktif masih sangat nyata. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa peran koperasi antara lain :

Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khusunya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.
Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional.
Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama atas asas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.

Pada masa ini pembangunan koperasi kurang mendapat perhatian karena koperasi kurang memperlihatkan kinerja dan citra yang lebih baik dari masa sebelumnya.Keadaan ini merupakan salah satu bukti bahwa komitmen pemerintah masih kurang dalam pembangunan koperasi. Pembangunan adalah suatu proses yang harus berkelanjutan dan tersistem. Pertanyaan berikutnya bagaimana prospek koperasi pada masa datang.Jawabannya adalah sangat prospektif jika koperasi yang mempunyai jatidiri . Koperasi yang mempraktekkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi dalam organisasi dan usahanya. Koperasi sebagai badan usaha, organisasi dan kegiatan usahanya harus dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi.Karena prinsip koperasi merupakan garis-garis penuntun yang digunakan oleh koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai dalam praktek seperti (1) keanggotaan sukarela dan terbuka, (2) pengendalian oleh anggota secara demokratis, (4) partisipasi ekonomi anggota,(5) pendidikan,pelatihan dan informasi , (6) kerjasama diantara koperasi dan (7) kepedulian terhadap komunitas.

Jika Koperasi mampu mengimplementasikan jati dirinya, koperasi akan mandiri, mampu bersaing dengan kekuatan eonomi lainnya ,mampu memproduksi produk yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pasar di dalam dan luar negeri. Dilihat dari dasar hukum yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang 1945, Koperasi memperoleh hak untuk hidup dan perkembangan di Indonesia. Koperasi yang sudah dibangun selama ini juga jumlahnya sudah cukup besar. Jumlah ini merupakan aset yang harus dipelihara dan diberdayakan agar dapat berkembang membantu pemerintah untuk memerangi kemiskinan dan menyediakan lapangan kerja. Jika sekarang masih banyak koperasi yang tumbuh belum mampu mencapai tujuan bersama anggotanya,mereka harus diberdayakan melalui pendidikan. Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memahami jati diri dan menerapkannya. Disinilah peranan pihak ketiga termasuk pemerintah untuk dapat membangun mereka mencapai tujuannya baik sebagai mediator,fasilitator maupun sebagai kordinator.

Dengan demikian pembangunan koperasi perlu diteruskan, karena pembangunan adalah proses, memerlukan waktu dan ketekunan serta konsistensi dalam pelaksanaan,berkesinambungan untuk mengatasi semua masalah yang muncul seperti masalah kemiskinan , jumlah pengangguran. yang semakin banyak.

Perkembangan koperasi secara nasional di masa datang diperkirakan menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan namun masih lemah secara kualitas. Untuk itu diperlukan komiten yang kuat untuk membangun koperasi yang mampu menolong dirinya sendiri sesuai dengan jatidiri koperasi. Hanya koperasi yang berkembang melalui praktek melaksanakan nilai koperasi yang akan mampu bertahan dan mampu memberikan manfaat bagi anggotanya. Prospek koperasi pada masa datang dapat dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah koperasi, jumlah anggota dan jumlah manajer, jumlah modal,volume usaha dan besarnya SHU yang telah dihimpun koperasi, sangat prosfektif untuk dikembangkan. Model pengembangan koperasi pada masa datang yang ditawarkan adalah mengadobsi koperasi yang berhasil seperti Koperasi Kredit, Koperasi simpan pinjam dan lainnya dan Model Pengembangan Pemecahan Masalah sesuai dengan kondisi koperasi seperti penataan kelembagaan koperasi yang tidak aktif dan koperasi aktif tidak melaksanakan RAT. Untuk memberdayakan koperasi baik yang sudah berjalan dan tidak aktif perlu dibangun sistem pendidikan yang terorgniser dan harus dilaksanakan secara konsesten untuk mengembangkan organisasi, usaha dan mampu bersaing dengan pelaku usaha lainnya.Inilah salah satu nilai koperasi yang tidak ada pada organisasi lain yang perlu terus dilaksanakan dan dikembangkan.

KOPERASI

Koperasi  adalah suatu kumpulan orang orang untuk bekerja sama demi kesejahteraan bersama.
Berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 12 tahun 1967, koperasi indonesia adalah organisasi ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial dan beranggotakan orang-orang, badan-badan hukum koperasi yang merupakan tata susunan ekonomi sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.

 Berikut di bawah ini adalah landasan koperasi indonesia yang melandasi aktifitas koprasi di indonesia yaitu :
- Landasan Idiil = Pancasila
- Landasan Mental = Setia kawan dan kesadaran diri sendiri
- Landasan Struktural dan gerak = UUD 1945 Pasal 33 Ayat 1

. Fungsi Koperasi / Koprasi :
1. Sebagai urat nadi kegiatan perekonomian indonesia
2. Sebagai upaya mendemokrasikan sosial ekonomi indonesia
3. Untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan warga negara indonesia
4. Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat indonesia dengan jalan pembinaan koperasi

Peran dan Tugas Koperasi / Koprasi
1. Meningkatkan tarah hidup sederhana masyarakat indonesia
2. Mengembangkan demokrasi ekonomi di indonesia
3. Mewujudkan pendapatan masyarakat yang adil dan merata dengan cara menyatukan, membina, dan mengembangkan setiap potensi yang ada

JENIS - JENIS KOPERASI :

        Koperasi Berdasarkan Jenis Usahanya :

Secara umum, berdasar jenis usaha, koperasi terdiri atas Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP), Koperasi Serba Usaha (KSU), Koperasi Konsumsi, dan Koperasi Produksi : 

a. Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP)  : 

adalah koperasi yang memiliki usaha tunggal yaitu menampung simpanan anggota dan melayani peminjaman. Anggota yang menabung (menyimpan) akan mendapatkan imbalan jasa dan bagi peminjam dikenakan jasa. Besarnya jasa bagi penabung dan peminjam ditentukan melalui rapat anggota. Dari sinilah, kegiatan usaha koperasi dapat dikatakan “dari, oleh, dan untuk anggota. 

b. Koperasi Serba Usaha (KSU) : 

adalah koperasi yang bidang usahanya bermacam-macam. Misalnya, unit usaha simpan pinjam, unit pertokoan untuk melayani kebutuhan sehari-hari anggota juga masyarakat, unit produksi, unit wartel.

c. Koperasi Konsumsi

Koperasi konsumsi adalah koperasi yang bidang usahanya menyediakan kebutuhan sehari-hari anggota. Kebutuhan yang dimaksud misalnya kebutuhan bahan makanan, pakaian, perabot rumah tangga.

d. Koperasi Produksi

Koperasi produksi adalah koperasi yang bidang usahanya membuat barang (memproduksi) dan menjual secara bersama-sama. Anggota koperasi ini pada umumnya sudah memiliki usaha dan melalui koperasi para anggota mendapatkan bantuan modal dan pemasaran.

       Koperasi Berdasarkan Keanggotaannya :

               a. Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) :

Koperasi Unit Desa adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan masyarakat pedesaan.. Koperasi ini melakukan kegiatan usaha ekonomi pedesaan, terutama pertanian. Untuk itu, kegiatan yang dilakukan KUD antara lain menyediakan pupuk, obat pemberantas hama tanaman, benih, alat pertanian, dan memberi penyuluhan teknis pertanian.

b. Koperasi Pegawai Republik Indonesia (KPRI) : 

Koperasi ini beranggotakan para pegawai negeri. Sebelum KPRI, koperasi ini bernama Koperasi Pegawai Negeri (KPN).    KPRI bertujuan terutama meningkatkan kesejateraan para pegawai negeri (anggota). KPRI dapat didirikan di lingkup departemen atau instansi.

c. Koperasi Sekolah :

Koperasi Sekolah meiliki anggota dari warga sekolah, yaitu guru, karyawan, dan siswa. Koperasi sekolah memiliki kegiatan usaha menyediakan kebutuhan warga sekolah, seperti buku pelajaran, alat tulis, makanan, dan lain-lain. Keberadaan koperasi sekolah bukan semata-mata sebagai kegiatan ekonomi, melainkan sebagai media pendidikan bagi siswa antara lain berorganisasi, kepemimpinan, tanggung jawab, dan kejujuran.

 Nilai-Nilai Koperasi

Dalam pernyataan Aliansi Koperasi Sedunia, tahun 1995, tentang Jatidiri koperasi, Nilai-nilai Koperasi dirumuskan sebagai berikut:

Koperasi bekerja berdasarkan nilai-nilai

a. Nilai-nilai organisasi

(1) Menolong diri sendiri

(2) Tanggungjawab sendiri

(3) Demokratis

(4) Persamaan

(5) Keadilan

(6) Kesetiakawanan

b. Nilai-nilai etis

(1) Kejujuran

(2) Tanggung jawab sosial

(3) Kepedulian terhadap orang lain.

Prinsip-Prinsip Koperasi :

Prinsip-prinsip koperasi (sering juga disebut sebagai asas-asas atau sendi-sendi dasar koperasi), adalah garis-garis penuntun atau pemandu yang digunakan oleh koperasi, untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai koperasi dalam praktek.

1. Prinsip-prinsip koperasi, pada umumnya diartikan sebagai landasan bekerja bagi

koperasi dalam melakukan kegiatan organisasi dan bisnisnya, sekaligus merupakan ciri khas dan jati diri koperasi yang membedakannya dari perusahaan-perusahaan non koperasi.

2. Prinsip-prinsip Koperasi yang pertama kali dikenal dan dirintis oleh Koperasi Rochdale tahun 1844, sebenamya adalah rumusan yang disepakati oleh seluruh anggota tentang cara-cara bekerja bagi suatu koperasi konsumsi (D.Danoewikarsa, 1977) yaitu:

a. Menjual barang yang murmi, tidak dipalsukan, dan dengan timbangan yang

benar;

b. Menjual dengan tunai;

c. Menjual dengan harga umum (pasar);

d. Pembagian keuntungan seimbang dengan pembelian anggota dari koperasi;

e. Satu suara bagi seorang anggota;

f. Tidak membeda-bedakan aliran dan agamaanggota.

Ide Koperasi yaitu :

Ide Dasar : Dalam pengertian yang amat umum, ide adalah suatu cita-cita yang ingin dicapai. Cita-cita berkoperasi juga tumbuh dan berkembang dari berbagai ide yang melandasinya. Ide berkoperasi, telah berkembang jauh sebelum koperasi itu sendiri berwujud sebagai koperasi. Ide yang berasal dari berbagai pandangan itu kemudian melebur ke dalam prinsip-prinsip, asasasas, atau sendi-sendi dasar koperasi. Dunia perkoperasian mencatat nama seorang ilmuwan berkebangsaan Rusia, Ivan Emelianoft (1860-1900), yang melarikan diri ke Amerika, kemudian membuat disertasi doktornya berjudul : “Economic Theory Of Cooperation”. Buku ini kemudian menjadi buku teori koperasi yang terkenal. Demikian juga Paul Lambert, seorang aktivis koperasi di Eropa, dalam bukunya yang terkenal: “Studies On The Social Phylosophy Of Cooperation “, telah mengupas tentang ide dasar falsafah koperasi yang berangkat dari nilai-nilai kerja sama. Kerja sama (cooperation), memang bukan hall yang baru. Bahkan secara universal, mungkin sama panjangnya dengan sejarah umat manusia itu sendiri. Sangat mustahil seseorang dapat hidup sendiri. Bergaul, bersosialisasi dan ber homo homini socius adalah naluri setiap manusia. Sebagai anggota masyarakat, seseorang tentu memiliki naluri untuk bekerja sama dan tolong menolong. Di berbagai belahan dunia akan dengan mudah dapat ditemukan bentuk-bentuk kerja sama yang bersifat “gemeinschaft” atau semacam paguyuban. Antara lain misalnya: perkumpulan tolong menolong, perkumpulan yang mengurus acara perkawinan, perkumpulan yang mengurus pembuatan rumah secara bersama-sama, perkumpulan yang mengurus acara kematian, perkumpulan persaudaraan dan sebagainya, yang pada umumnya diikat kuat oleh semangat solid yang tinggi.

Landasan Koperasi Indonesia :

Di samping melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi yang berlaku secara universal, keberadaan koperasi Indonesia adalah juga berdasarkan landasan idiil, yaitu Pancasila dan landasan struktural, yaitu Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.

penjelasan direct and indirect speech

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

Simple present – menjadi – Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech

Simple present

Present continuous

Present perfect

Present perfect continuous

Simple past

Past continuous

Future

Present
Indirect Speech

Simple past

Past continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past

Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech

this = ini

these = ini

come = datang

here = di sini, ke sini

hence = dari sini

hither = ke tempat ini

ago = yang lalu

now = sekarang

today = hari ini

tomorrow = besok

yesterday = kemarin

last night = tadi malam

next week = minggu depan

thus = begini

contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech

that = itu

those = itu

go = pergi

there = di sana, ke sana

thence = dari sana

thither = ke tempat itu

before = lebih dahulu

then = pada waktu itu

that day = hari itu

next day = hari berikutnya

the previous day = sehari sebelumnya

the previous night = semalam sebelumnya

the following week = minggu berikutnya

so = begitu

He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb – Reported speech

Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

contoh direct and indirect

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

artikel direct and indirect speech

chiken feed

Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments.

One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he saw a crowd outside a poultry shop. On enquiring what the matter was he learnt that a peasant had accidentally dropped a heavy sack on a chicken, crushing it to death. The chicken was small, worth only about five coins, but the owner of the shop had caught the peasant by his throat and was demanding a hundred. His argument was that the chicken would have grown into a plump bird in another two years and then it would have fetched him the amount he was asking for.

Somebody recognized the magistrate, and everybody made way for him.

“Judge our case, My Lord!” said the owner of the chicken, letting go of the peasant and bowing obsequiously to the magistrate. “This man, through his carelessness has caused the death of a chicken that would have fetched me a hundred coins in another two years!”

Fear had made the peasant’s speech incoherent. Nobody could understand what he was saying.

“The price put on the chicken is hundred coins,” said the magistrate, to the peasant. “I advise you to pay.”

There was a gasp from the crowd. Everybody had expected the magistrate to rule in the peasant’s favor.

The owner of the chicken was overjoyed.

“They said you were fair in your judgments, My Lord,” he said, rubbing his hands in glee, “now I can say there is no one fairer than you!”

“The Law is always fair,” smiled the magistrate. “Tell me, how much grain does a chicken eat in a year?”

“About half a sack,” said the poultry shop owner.

“So in two years the chicken that died would have eaten a whole sack of grain,” said Duan Guangqinj. “Please give the sack of grain you’ve saved to this man.”

The chicken owner turned pale. A sack of grain would cost more than hundred coins. Cowed by the jeers of the crowd, he declared he would not take any money from the peasant, and retreated into the safety of his shop.

penjelasan tentang present perfect tenses

Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense merupakan Tenses ketiga dalam Bahasa Inggris. Secara sederhana diartikan sebagai bentuk waktu yang menjelaskan tentang suatu kejadian, peristiwa atau kejadian yang telah terjadi pada periode tertentu dan pada saat bicara, kejadian, peristiwa atau aktivitas tersebut tidak lagi dilakukan atau berlangsung.

Rumus:

a. Kalimat Verbal:

(+) Subjek + have/has + V3 + O
(-) Subjek + have/has + not + V3 + O
(?) Have/Has + subjek + V3 + O ?

b. Kalimat Non-Verbal

(+) Subjek + have, has + been
(-) Subjek + have, has + not + been
(?) Have, Has + subjek +been?
Exercise :
1. I ____ (send) the letter.
Jawab : Have Sent
Penjelasan : Karena Subjeknya “I” maka harus menggunakan have + V3 dari kata send yaitu Sent.

2. _____ (he/see) the movie?
Jawab : Has he seen
Penjelasan : Subjeknya adalah “He”, jadi menggunakan has dan V3 dari kata see yaitu seen.

3. I ______ (work) here for five years.
Jawab : Have worked
Penjelasan : pada kalimat diatas terdapat kata “for” yang digunakan pada kalimat Present Perfect,jadi kita memakai Have + V3 untuk melengkapi soal diatas.

4. Udin ______ (live) here since 1992.
Jawab : Has lived
Penjelasan : Subjek pada kalimat diatas adalah Udin (He) dan pada kalimat diatas terdapat kata “since” yang digunakan pada kalimat Present Perfect, jadi kita memakai Has+V3 untuk melengkapi soal diatas.

5. She ______ (meet) your friend.
Jawab : has met
Penjelasan : Subjek = She, jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari meet = met.

6. We _______ (eat) our breakfast already.
Jawab : have eaten
Penjelasan : Subjek = we, jadi menggunakan “have” dan V3 dari eat = eaten.

7. Rahma ______ (read) the newspaper for 30 minutes.
Jawab : has read
Penjelasan : Subjek = Rahma (She), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari read = read.

8. I ________ (not/do) my homework.
Jawab : have not done
Penjelasan : Subjek = I, jadi menggunakan “Have” dan V3 dari do = done.

9. My father ______ (buy) a new car.
Jawab : has bought
Penjelasan : Subjek = My father (He), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari buy = bought.

10. My brother ______ (study) English for seven months.
Jawab : has studied
Penjelasan : Subjek = My brother (He), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari study = studied.

artikel present perfect tenses

 Christopher’s encounter with The Aliens

It was a dark and stormy night. The whole of Greentown was covered by dark clouds. Christopher was returning home. It started raining cats and dogs.

Suddenly he saw a U.F.O. appearing from the clouds above. In no time it landed on the road. Three aliens came out. Chris was astonished as he could understand their language. Their plan was to take all the trees away from earth. Not wasting a moment, Chris called his friends. Those aliens pointed out to a tree. An eerie blue light shot out from their hands making a tree vanish. Soon, Chris’s friends arrived. They tried to scare those aliens by throwing stones, but in vain.

Luckily, Mr. Goon, the fat inspector of the area arrived. With a frightened look on his face, he shot at those aliens. One of them pointed his finger at Mr. Goon. To everyone’s amazement, Mr. Goon became as thin as a stick. Everybody laughed. Suddenly, Anna, Chris’s friend, ran towards them, shouting at the top of her shrill voice. Those aliens got the fright of their lives and vanished along with their spaceship. The kids were delighted. They had saved their planet. Mr. Goon was left fiddling with his pants.

sunglasses styles for both men and women

                     Sunglass styles today have a definite impact on both men and women as a fashion statement and protection from the elements. If you are looking for a new pair of sunglasses on the Internet but are afraid you are going to have to spend hundreds of dollars for them, you will be happy to know that you wont- if you know how to shop and you know where to look. As fashionable eyewear continues to grow in popularity, there are many excellent websites that keep pace with the market by consistently adding to their inventories. Wholesale suppliers lead the pack when it comes to cheap celebrity sunglasses, but there are only a few of them that really offer affordable products that are also high in quality and inspired by the styles of designers.

For thousands of different styles of sunglass styles for both men and women, if you dont have the money (or you have the money but dont want to spend so much) to put towards your purchase, you might want to think about quality replica eyewear. There is a wide misconception that the word replica is synonymous with the word fake. However, this couldnt be further from the truth, especially when you find a really good wholesale supplier- thats right, wholesale! The top companies are completely dedicated to their customers, and in order for their customers to be happy, they need a wide variety of styles that the celebrities are wearing. Replica eyewear is available in a variety of different styles, from animal patterns to neutral and natural solid colors.

Celebrities always seem to set the standard for fashion, dont they? It seems that no matter how wild, how crazy, and how out of the ordinary something is, if a celebrity is spotted wearing it, using it, or driving it, suddenly what they have is what everybody wants! One of the things that is most fun about celebrity fashions is that you just cant go wrong with wearing something that a star wears. No matter if you are male or female, people search for star wear to be safe and be fashionable!

Take some time to research the Internet carefully to find the best websites for eyewear- be very careful about purchasing from a website that offers the cheapest prices right off the bat if you havent investigated any of their other offerings. Do they offer any warranties or guarantees? Are they authorized dealers of the eyewear they sell? The stars of course pay hundreds of dollars for the eyewear that they use to protect their eyes, but if you want celebrity sunglasses, you dont have to pay what they do for their eyewear!

updos for medium length hairstyles

              Wearing your medium length hair in an updo is a fun way to change your look. Updos are great for special occasions, weddings and parties. They lend an elegance and panache to any outfit, and will make you feel special. Medium length hair is long enough to sweep up and will look lovely in any number of updo styles.

French twists are a classic look that works well with medium length hair. French twists are elegant, classic and always in style. Wearing a French twist is an easy, hassle free hairstyle that you can accessorize with clips or flowers to add an extra flair.

Chignons are another great choice for medium length hair. Chignons involve folding the hair and securing it at the nape of the neck. Chignons are sleek and look polished no matter what you are wearing.

Braids also look beautiful in medium length hair, and can add a playful sophistication to your look. For the best results, braid your hair from the temple to the ear, and then secure the hair into a low bun or chignon. This provides a timeless and romantic look that is appropriate for all ages.

A half up, half down updo is also an easy style for medium length hair. To achieve this look, curl your hair and then pull half of the hair back from the temples up to the crown. This provides a soft, casual style. Wearing your hair half up and half down is a terrific way to incorporate barrettes, clips and other hair accessories into your look.

Buns are another popular style. They can be styled to convey either a sleek and polished look, or a loose and romantic look. Buns can be positioned above the nape, at the nape, below the nape, or off to either side depending on the look you desire. Curly or wavy buns worn with the hair lightly pulled back provide a soft, romantic look that is easy to style and wear. Hair pulled back tight with a sleek, straight hair bun will look classic and clean, and will help to show off your jewelry and neck beautifully.

Any of the above hairstyle ideas are a fun way to change your hair without having to cut or color it, and they can be easily undone if you do not like the result. Experiment with all kinds of different styles, and look in magazines for inspiration to create your own signature updo look. Have fun trying on new styles and enjoying the way they make you feel and look. If you are having trouble with the mechanics of your updo, consult your hairdresser. She will be able to give you pointers, tricks and tips to make doing your hair easy and hassle free. She will also be able to recommend products designed to hold and add volume to your hair.

No matter what style you choose, medium length hair looks terrific when swept into an updo. Wearing your medium length hair off your face and shoulders will help you stand out and polish your look. All you need is a few bobby pins, elastic bands, curling irons, combs and brushes. With little time and effort, your medium length hair will simply look fantastic.

all about pine straw mulch

                 Pine straw is the fresh, un-decomposed pine needles that have fallen from pine trees. It is popular landscaping mulch which is made up of the dried and cleaned needles of pine trees. Pine mulch is sustainable mulch that reproduces itself every time a pine tree loses its needles every year. Pine straw is also commonly referred to as Pine Needle Mulch. Pine straw can be raked up from existing pine plantations to provide sustainable mulch on a very large scale. This mulch is very attractive, cost effective and versatile mulch. It is also more cost effective and easier to transport than many other comparable mulching materials.

Pine straw mulch is widely used by Landscaper's, Nurseries, Golf Courses, Municipalities, Parks, and Home Owners. Pine mulch is also visually stunning as a backdrop and is used on professional golf courses and around quality homes. It has long been used as a ground cover and mulch in landscaping settings. Pine straw remains very popular natural organic landscaping mulch in part because of its gorgeous auburn hues. Pine straw is always readily available in the Southeast United States. It also makes great mulch for retaining moisture and for use as organic fertilizing.

This popular mulch is also organic, retains moisture, decomposes and is high in nitrogen. It is especially useful when used for mulch with acidic-loving plants such as evergreens, holly, azaleas, and rhododendrons. Pine straw mulch is particularly wonderful to use around plants that love a slightly more acidic soil but it will not cause levels of acid in the soil that would harm other plants.

Pine straw helps to insulate your plants by keeping them cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter and will not move with heavy rains. Mulch can reduce water loss from the soil, minimize weed competition, and improve soil structure. Weeds do not grow well because of the unique light filtering properties of the pine straw layers this will allow you to garden in a much greener living friendly manner, a fact you can be proud of.

Pine straw is typically sold in round bales, square bales, or bags. Customers tend to prefer smaller, lighter bales. Application is simple, simply arrange pine mulch in thick layer on your garden bed or landscape area. When using pine straw to reduce the amount of weeds in your landscape, apply it at about 3" deep. Pine Straw is lightweight, easier to handle and lighter per cubic foot than most other mulches.

sentence of active and passive voice

- ACTIVE

1. She is holding a pen.
2.  He rides a bicycle to school.
3. They wrote a letter addressed to the principal.
4. Rista baked cookies for mom.
5. The teacher is explaining the lesson.


- PASSIVE

1. A pen is being held by her.
2. A bicycle was rode by him to school.
3. A letter addressed to the principal was written by them.
4. Cookies for mom were baked by Rista.
5. The lesson is being explained by the teacher.

active and passive voice

ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
    These examples show that the subject is  doing the verb's action.
           
Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

Passive voice
One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
    Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.
           
Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.
NOTE:   Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object.
To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:
    1.  Move  the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject  slot
             
    2. Place the active sentence's subject into a  phrase beginning with the preposition by
             
    3.  Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the  main verb's form
             
Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.
As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in  active voice  flows more smoothly and is easier to understand than the same sentence in  passive voice.
            
           
It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.
    1.  Move  the passive sentence's subject into the active  sentence's  direct object slot
            
    2.  Remove  the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed
            
    3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.
          
Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever possible.
The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when

• the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence

             Examples
            

• the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the doer of the action

            Examples
              

• the writer wishes to use passive voice for sentence variety.

article with 5 passive voice

THE LOST DINOSAURS

In a lost land of tropical forests, on top of the only mountain in the region, trapped inside an old volcanic crater system, lived the last ever group of large, ferocious dinosaurs.
For thousands and thousands of years all the changes on Earth had been survived by them, and now, led by the great Ferocitaurus, they were planning to come out of hiding and to dominate the world once more.
Ferocitaurus was an awesome Tyrannosaurus Rex who had decided they had spent too much time isolated from the rest of the world. So, over a few years, the dinosaurs worked together, the walls of the great crater is being demolished by them. When the work was done, claws and teeth are carefully sharpened by them, in readiness to terrorize the world once again.
On leaving their home of thousands of years, everything was new to them, very different to what they had been used to inside the crater. However, for days, the dinosaurs continued on, resolute.
Finally, from the top of some mountains, a small town was seen by them. The houses and townsfolk seemed like tiny dots. Never having seen human beings before, the dinosaurs leapt down the mountainside, ready to destroy anything that stood in their way...
However, as the little town is approached by the dinosaurs,the houses were getting bigger and bigger... and when the dinosaurs finally arrived, it turned out that the houses were much bigger than the dinosaurs themselves. A boy who was passing by said: "Daddy! Daddy! I've found some tiny dinosaurs! Can I keep them?"
And such is life. The terrifying Ferocitaurus and his friends ended up as pets for the village children. Seeing how millions of years of evolution had turned their species into midget dinosaurs, they learned that nothing lasted forever, and that you must always be ready to adapt.

Different Types of Depression

Different Types of  Depression :

According to credible surveys made around the world, it is estimated that 1 out of 6 persons will suffer from clinical depression during his or her lifetime. In fact, this emotional and mental malady has become so popular that it is common to read about it in ordinary magazines and newspapers. But how will we know when to take the depressed person to a psychologist or psychiatrist for him to have the proper treatment? And what are the different types of depression?
It isn’t that easy to distinguish an ordinary and harmless episode of anxiety and depression to a more serious episode that requires medical attention. Of course each of us undergo the “blues” and lose our energy and will to live from time to time. However, the more severe type of depression deeply overwhelms a person. It may have started out as a dark feeling but has progressed to an illness that affects every aspect of the person’s life. Clinical depression is different from having “the blues” in that it is all consuming and requires treatment. Depressive illness or clinical depression impacts on everything: sleeping, eating, and energy level, ability to work effectively, mood, cognitions (thoughts), judgment, and more. It can be viewed as both a psychological and physical condition.

psychological and physical condition.
The kinds of depression discussed in this article are defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), an American Psychiatric Association publication which describes the standard criteria for different types of psychiatric disorders. Here are the more common types of depressive disorders:
Major Depressive Disorder (also known as Major Depression, Clinical Depression) – This episode occurs with symptoms that last for most of the day, nearly every day for at least two weeks. A symptom must either be 1) depressed mood or 2) a noticeable decrease in interest or pleasure in all or most activities. At least four (or more) additional symptoms are present:
- significant weight loss / weight gain or decrease / increase in appetite
- difficulty sleeping or increase in sleeping
- excessive movement or slowing down associated with mental tension (observed by others)
- fatigue or loss of energy
- feeling worthless or excessive guilt
- difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions
- repeatedly thinking about death or suicide, trying to attempt suicide or having a specific plan to commit suicide

Dysthymic Disorder (or also referred to as Dysthymia) – Nearly continuous depressed mood for at least 2 years along with at least two (or more) of these other symptoms:
- decrease or increase in eating
- difficulty sleeping or increase in sleeping
- low energy or fatigue
- low self-esteem
- difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- feeling hopeless
Manic Depression (now known as Bipolar Disorder) – This kind of depression incorporates phases of mania and depression. Cycling between these two conditions can be fast or only mania can be present without any depressive episodes. A manic episode consists of a unrelenting prominent or ill-tempered mood which is mostly extreme, which lasts for one week. These are the other signs of manic depression:
- inflated self-esteem or self-importance
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative than usual or compelled to keep talking
- experiencing racing thoughts or ideas
- easily distracted
- increase in goal-oriented activity (social, work, school, sexual) or excessive movement
- excessive involvement in potentially risky pleasurable behavior (e.g. over spending, careless sexual activity, unwise business investments)
These different types of depression all need psychological help from psychiatrists. The treatment to be given varies from one depressive disorder to another. In the case of major depression and dysthymic disorder, psychotherapy and medication are both needed by the patient. Psychotherapy should focus on learning how to cope with the disorder, problem solving, challenging negative mindsets and replacing negative thoughts with positive ones. This is usually very effective especially when the family members and friends are cooperative. Antidepressant medication can often assist to alleviate painful impacts of symptoms like inability to concentrate or sleep, work, control emotions or make decisions that directly affect everyday living conditions.

Manic depression treatment will include medication. As this has a tendency to be a disabling mental illness, proper diagnosis on the part of the doctor is vital. The chronic and manic episodes followed by depressive episodes mostly are recurrent without long term therapy. Lithium and anti-convulsive medications are often used in combination in achieving the desired effect. Getting the patient on the best combination of medication is both science and art and can be challenging for the patient and his loved ones. People with manic depression at times feel overwhelmed by the difficult task of keeping their moods in check over long periods of time. The patient sometimes whines that the “high” feeling has been replaced by a different mood, a more stabilized one which may be interpreted as uninteresting. When this occurs he may stop taking the medication and go back to juggling through his racing emotions and thoughts again. That is why long-term counselling is often crucial in maintaining control over bipolar disorder.
Don’t neglect to have a regular bonding time with your peers since their presence allows you to relax and enjoy the simple pleasures in life. Having regular exercise releases the “happy hormones” in your body. Never overindulge or relatively lessen your caffeine, sugar and fat intake. A healthy diet promotes better sleep and causes serotonins to balance brain chemicals.
Many relaxing herbs can help relieve your stress and anxiety. Lavender, chamomile, jasmine, and rosemary teas are very much recommended. You can also use the essential oils of these herbs and use it as aromatherapy in your homes. These are certified tension busters that promote better sleep, lessen irritability, and help your digestion as well too. It is also of utmost importance to check your vitamin intake, vitamin c and e are vital in assisting neurotransmitters in the brain.
Finally, self-empowerment is much needed to overcome this existing battle. Thinking positive thoughts creates wonders and miracles for the depressive person and for his loved ones as well. Remember that we are the masters of our souls and the captain of our lives. Going to a health professional to have a consultation or diagnosis on depression isn’t to be ashamed of. Rather, we must be proud to take that bold step into self admittance of our shortcomings and not recklessly throwing our lives away with self diagnosis which can be potentially fatal.